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第 23 筆
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論文名稱: | 烏魚子機械乾燥程序之最適化探討
| Optimized Mechanical Drying Process of Mullet roe
研究生: | 范繼中 Chi-Chung Fan
指導教授: | 傅文榮
| 廖世平 Spin Liaw
| 孫寶年 Bonnie Sun Pen
學位類別: | 博士
學校名稱: | 國立台灣海洋大學
系所名稱: | 食品科學系
畢業學年度: | 91
語文別: | 中文
關鍵字: | 乾燥 drying
| 間歇加壓 intermittent pressing.
| 烏魚子 mullet roe
全文點閱次數: | 21

全文影像連結:

電子檔1

論文頁數: | 123
摘要: | 根據烏魚子傳統日曬模式，發展機械乾燥方法，結果發現以恆溫恆濕機械送風乾燥，成品之外觀、色澤與傳統日曬所得之優良烏魚子最為相近，優於微波加熱及真空乾燥產品。
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| 由於烏魚子乾燥過程有硬殼現象(case hardening)發生，真空乾燥卵巢膜膨脹，進而探討烏魚卵巢膜對烏魚子乾燥速率之影響。於35 ℃ 恆溫、及60% 恆濕乾燥，烏魚卵巢及卵巢膜之通透率低於烏魚子乾燥速率，膜為乾燥速率之限制因素，乾燥12h後，烏魚子乾燥速率低於卵巢膜水分通透率，表面有硬殼現象產生。
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| 以機械送風乾燥，相對濕度40% 至60% 及風速1.0 m/s 至 1.5 m/s之範圍，對烏魚子乾燥速率影響不大。烏魚子之乾燥速率隨乾燥時間呈對數趨勢下降，乾燥過程皆無恆率期，其乾燥機制為diffusion dependent。以反應曲面法探討乾燥條件對烏魚子成品色澤及製程時間之影響，發現35℃、相對溼度60% 及風速 1.0 m/s為機械送風之最適乾燥條件。
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| 烏魚子乾燥過程輔以加壓方式可延緩硬殼現象產生，以連續乾燥及12h - 12h間歇加壓乾燥製程，在第一次及第二次加壓後再乾燥，乾燥速率明顯提升，第三次加壓後，乾燥速率和連續乾燥之烏魚子差異不大。加壓過程，隨壓力增加，烏魚子乾燥速率增高，但在100 kg/m2以上，乾燥速率增高情形並無顯著差異。
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| 依Fick’s Law建立乾燥模型，模擬烏魚子12h -12h間歇加壓乾燥程序，以預測乾燥過程水分分布及水分含量，其有效擴散係數(Deff)以Arrhenius equation型式表示，為溫度函數。實驗及預測之乾燥曲線皆呈對數趨勢下降，乾燥溫度在20至40℃間，預測之乾燥曲線和實驗結果並無顯著差異，顯示烏魚子以加壓作用，能使水分分布均勻，同時可提高乾燥速率。隨加壓次數增加，乾燥速率之差異變小，以12h -12h間歇加壓3次為最適乾燥製程。
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| 將烏魚子表面及中心水分含量比，作為水分份布之指標MDI (Moisture distribution index)，設定MDI為開始或結束加壓時間之判斷，作乾燥之數值模擬。比較烏魚子以連續乾燥、間歇加壓(12h -12h)及MDI間歇加壓程序，至乾燥終點(Aw = 0.85)的時間，MDI程序乾燥較傳統間歇加壓所需時間少16 h，較連續乾燥少65 h。
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| A mechanical drying process was designed to simulate traditional sun drying of grey mullet roe. The appearance and color of the circulating-air dried roe product resembled traditional sun-dried product, and was superior to the vacuum-dried or microwave-dried products.
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| The ovarian membrane of the roe expanded during vacuum drying. Case hardening appeared on the roe surface after drying for 12 h. At a constant temperature of 35 ℃ and 60% relative humidity. The permeability rate of the membrane was lower than that of the mullet roe, thus limited the drying rate of mullet roe.
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| Relative humidity between 20 and 60% in combination with 1.0 and 1.5 m/s air velocity showed no significant effect on the drying rate of mullet roe, which decreased in a logarithmic manner. All the drying processes started at falling rate period without a constant rate period, indicative of being a diffusion - dependent drying process. A response surface method was used to estimate the optimal circulating air-drying conditions for optimal color of mullet roe was found at 35℃, relative humidity 60%, and air velocity 1.0 m/s.
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| Pressing of mullet roe delayed the occurrence of case hardening in the drying process. Two drying processes of 12h – 12h intermittent pressing and continuous drying process were compared with respect to drying rate, which increased effectively after the first and the second pressing. The third pressing did not cause significant difference in drying rate comparing to the continuous drying process. Drying rate increased as the pressure applied for pressing became higher. Up to 100 kg/m2, above which showed no significant difference
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| Fick’s Law was used to build a drying model to simulate the 12h – 12h intermittent drying - pressing process to predict moisture content and moisture distribution. The effective diffusion coefficient (Deff) was temperature dependent following the Arrhenius equation in the drying model. Both experimental and predicted drying curves decreased in a logarithmic manner. The predicted drying curves agreed favorably with the experimental results at test temperature range from 20 to 40 ℃ with no significant difference. The pressing effect evened the moisture distribution and increased the drying rate of mullet roe. However, the drying rate curves showed no significant difference after third pressing. Three pressing cycles were considered an optimal process for 12h – 12h intermittent drying – pressing process of mullet roe.
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| Moisture distribution index (MDI) was used to estimate the initial or end time of pressing in the intermittent drying – pressing model. The MDI intermittent drying – pressing process resulted 16 h less than the 12h – 12h intermittent drying – pressing process, and 65 h less than the continuous drying for the mullet roe to reach water activity of 0.85. The MDI intermittent drying – pressing was considered the optimal drying process for mullet roe in this study.
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論文目次: | 目錄
|
| 中文摘要    Ⅰ
| 英文摘要    Ⅲ
| 符號說明    Ⅵ
|
| 壹、前言    1
|
| 貳、文獻回顧    4
| 一. 烏魚子乾燥特性    4
| 1. 傳統烏魚子乾燥方法    4
| 2. 乾燥速率曲線    5
| 3. 水活性及脫濕曲線    6
| 二. 水產乾製品品質的變化    7
| 1. 復水性    7
| 2. 表層硬化    8
| 3. 一般成分    9
| 4. 脂質氧化    10
| 5. 非酵素性褐變    11
| 三. 機械乾燥方法    13
| 1. 送風乾燥    13
| 2. 真空乾燥    14
| 3. 微波加熱    14
| 四. 烏魚子機械送風乾燥之乾燥速率影響因子    16
| 1. 溫度    16
| 2. 相對溼度    17
| 3. 風速    17
| 五. 乾燥理論及應用    18
| 1. 熱量及質量傳輸現象及理論    18
| 2. 理論應用    19
|
| 參、材料與方法    26
| 一. 材料    26
| 1. 烏魚卵巢    26
| 2. 烏魚卵巢之前處理    26
| 3. 烏魚子乾燥    26
| 二. 分析方法    29
| 1. 水分含量    29
| 2. 乾燥速率    29
| 3. 卵巢膜通透率    29
| 4. 溫度份佈    30
| 5. 水分份佈    31
| 6. 反應曲面變數組合    31
| 7. 粗蛋白    31
| 8. 灰分    32
| 9. 卵徑    32
| 10卵巢膜    32
| 11. 水活性    32
| 12. 色澤    33
| 13. 過氧化價    33
| 14. 統計分析    33
| 三. 烏魚子數值模型    34
| 1. 數值模型差分公式    34
| 2. 模擬流程    35
| 3. Douglas-Gunn 數值方法    38
|
| 肆、結果與討論    40
| 一. 烏魚子乾燥方法與乾燥時間之差異    40
| 1. 傳統日曬    40
| 2. 恆溫恆濕送風    40
| 3. 真空乾燥    41
| 4. 微波加熱    41
| 二. 烏魚子乾燥方法與乾燥特性之比較    42
| 1. 品溫    42
| 2. 脫濕曲線    42
| 3. 乾燥曲線    46
| 4. 成品品質    48
| 三. 烏魚卵巢膜對烏魚子乾燥速率之影響    53
| 1. 烏魚卵巢膜水份通透率    53
| 2. 復水後通透率    58
| 3. 鹽漬後通透率    60
| 四. 送風式機械乾燥條件對烏魚子乾燥速率之影響    62
| 1. 相對溼度    62
| 2. 風速    62
| 五. 反應曲面法探討烏魚子最適乾燥條件    65
| 1. 乾燥時間    65
| 2. 成品色澤    72
| 六. 間歇加壓程序對烏魚子乾燥速率的影響    78
| 1. 連續乾燥及間歇加壓    78
| 2. 加壓壓力    81
| 七. 烏魚子有效擴散係數之預測    83
| 1. 乾燥溫度    83
| 2. 水分含量    85
| 八. 烏魚子製程乾燥曲線及水份分布預測    87
| 1. 乾燥曲線    87
| 2. 水份分布    89
| 九. 間歇加壓乾燥程序    96
| 1.  12h -12h間歇加壓    96
| 2.  MDI (Moisture distribution index)
| 間歇加壓    101
| 3. 乾燥程序水份分布比較    108
| 十. 兩段式恆溫乾燥程序    110
|
| 伍、結論    112
|
| 陸、參考文獻    115
|
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2009 年 11 月 22 日 23:51