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論文名稱: | 螺旋藻寡醣之生產及其生理活性探討
| Studies on Production and Bioactivities of Oligosaccharides from Spirulina
研究生: | 林岑穎 Tsen-Yin Lin
指導教授: | 潘崇良 Chorng-Liang Pan
學位類別: | 碩士
學校名稱: | 國立臺灣海洋大學
系所名稱: | 食品科學系
學號: | M96320071
畢業學年度: | 97
語文別: | 中文
關鍵字: | 螺旋藻 Spirulina
| 寡醣 Oligosaccharides
全文影像連結: | | (本論文20120731對校內公開)
| 論文全文(pdf)

論文頁數: | 102
摘要: | 為探討螺旋藻寡醣所具之生理功能，分別以市售酵素、以agar 誘導Pseudomonas vesicularis MA103及Aeromonas salmonicida MAEF108產生crude agarases 水解螺旋藻多醣(spirulan)，獲得螺旋藻寡醣進行抗氧化、抗凝血、抗老化及美白等生理活性探討。以螺旋藻多醣誘導P. vesicularis及A. salmonicida MAEF108，探討產生之MA103 與MAEF108-crude Spirulan Induced enzyme之最適條件。以市售酵素水解螺旋藻多醣液24 hr後發現以-glucuronidase及工業用cellulase可水解出較高還原醣量，分別增加2.09 mg/mL及1.99 mg/mL，以不同組合之MA103-crude agarases and MAEF108-crude agarases水解spirulan後發現利用MAEF108的crude agarases於40oC水解6 hr後再加入MA103-crude agarases於45oC下水解至24 hr可增加較多之還原醣含量。水解後之寡醣混合液硫酸基含量較未酵素水解前(83.57 g/mg)增加，以MA103-crude agarases水解後硫酸基含量最高(797.11 g/mg)。探討以spirulan誘導生產MA103- 與MAEF108-crude spirulan induction enzyme，MA103-SIE之最適誘導條件為26oC下、spirulan濃度為0.15%培養至72 hr，其酵素活性為為0.31 U (1 mol rhamnose equivalent/mL/min)；MAEF108-SIE之最適誘導條件則為26oC下、spirulan濃度為0.15%培養至48 hr，其酵素活性為為0.32 U。螺旋藻多醣水解區分液清除DPPH自由基能力以> 5 kDa區分液效果最佳，可清除59.14%之DPPH自由基，而< 3 kDa區分液可螯合86.4%之亞鐵離子，具有良好的抗氧化活性。螺旋藻寡醣之抗凝血活性以延長活化部份凝血活酶時間(activated partial thromboplastin time, APTT)有較好之表現，對於延長人血漿之APTT效果以200 g/mL 3-5 kDa及200 g/mL < 3 kDa 最佳，略高於濃度為100 g/mL之3-5 kDa 及< 3 kDa，但其APTT皆低於10 g/mL之heparin，且吸光值與控制組相近，並無減緩凝集之效果。無論濃度為200 mg/mL 或100 mg/mL之3-5 kDa < 3 kDa皆無法延長人血漿之凝血酶原時間 (prothrombin time, PT)，但吸光值略低於控制組，推測可約略減緩凝血酶原之凝集效果。以不同濃度之3-5 kDa及< 3 kDa分子質量螺旋藻寡醣培養老鼠胚胎纖維母細胞 NIH 3T3，於48及72 hr皆可觀察到細胞增生之效果。而3-5 kDa 與 < 3 kDa 的螺旋藻寡醣對人類皮膚纖維母細胞 CCD -966SK具有增生作用，不同濃度之螺旋藻寡醣培養24 hr下對CCD -966SK 存活率約 100-146%，3-5 kDa的螺旋藻寡醣為 62.5-2000 g/mL其細胞存活率皆為 115 %以上，其中以濃度為62.5 g/mL效果最佳，細胞存活率為146.1%；而< 3 kDa螺旋藻寡醣促進CCD-966SK增生之最佳濃度為2000 g/mL，細胞存活率為127.9%，顯示螺旋藻寡醣可促進纖維母細胞增生而達到抗老化之效果。螺旋藻寡醣可抑制人類皮膚黑色素瘤(A375)細胞生長，以濃度為250 g/mL之3-5 kDa抑制效果最佳，細胞存活率為19.2%，其次為125 g/mL之3-5 kDa，細胞存活率為33.2%；但< 3 kDa螺旋藻寡醣抑制A375細胞效果未如3-5 kDa效果明顯。而螺旋藻寡醣3-5 kDa 及< 3 kDa對於酪胺酸酶活性則無抑制之效果。螺旋藻寡醣具有抗氧化、抗老化及抑制人類皮膚黑色素瘤細胞增生之效果，具有開發為新型態保健食品或皮膚保養品之潛力。
| This study attempted to know bioactivities of oligosaccharides from Spirulina. Spirulina polysaccharides (spirulan) were degraded by commercial enzymes, Pseudomonas vesicularis MA103-, and Aeromonas salmonicida MAEF108- crude agarases. The changes of reducing sugar content of spirulan hydrolyzed for 24 hr by -glucuronidase and industrial cellullase (2.09 mg/mL and 1.99 mg/mL) were higher than alginate lysase, xylanase, cellullase, and -glucuronidase. Experimental data showed that spirulan were hydrolyzed by 5 unit/dL MAEF108-crude agarases for 6 hr then hydrolyzed by 5 unit/dL MA103-crude agarases for 18 hr at optimum condition of individual enzyme contented the highest reducing sugar content. Sulfated group content of spirulan hydrolysate was higher than spirulan without hydrolyzed (83.75 g/mg), and sulfated group content of spirulan hydrolyzed by MA103-crude agarase was the highest in each group (791.11 g/mg). MA103- and MAEF108-crude spirulan inducing enzyme (MA103-SE and MAEF108-SIE) were induced by 0.15% or 0.30% spirulan at 20, 26, and 30oC. The optimum inducing condition of MA103-SIE was induced by 0.15% spirulan at 26oC for 72 hr, and the enzyme activity was 0.31 U (1 mol rhamnose equivalent/mL/min). When induced by 0.15% spirulan at 26oC for 48 hr, the enzyme activity of MAEF108-SIE was 0.32 U. That was the optimum inducing condition. In evaluating scavenging effect on DPPH free radicals, > 5 kDa spirulan oligosaccharides-hydrolysates fraction was had the best (59.14%) in each group. < 3 kDa spirulan oligosaccharides-hydrolysates had the best chelating effects on ferrous ions (86.4%). Anticoagulant activity was analyzed by activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) of human plasma. APTT of 3-5 kDa fraction (200 g/mL) was longer than 3-5 kDa fraction (100 g/mL), but there was no significantly different between control group. It was similar to < 3 kDa fraction. All of the spirulan oligosaccharides-hydrolysates were no extension for PT, but their optical density were lower than control group. Cell study showed that 3-5 kDa and < 3 kDa spirulan oligosaccharides-hydrolysates had significantly increased cell viability of mouse embryonic fibroblast NIH 3T3 cell for 48 and 72 hr culturing in the concentration of 3.9 to 2000 g/mL. 3-5 kDa spirulan oligosaccharides-hydrolysates showed proliferation effect on human skin fibroblast CCD-966SK. The concentrations were 62.5 to 2000 g/mL had increased cell viability more than 115%.s Cell viability of < 3 kDa (2000 g/mL) was 127.9%. The result showed they enabled to proliferate NIH 3T3 and CCD-966SK cell.  For melanoma cell (A375) growth inhibition experiments, it was found that 3-5 kDa spirulan oligosaccharides-hydrolysates inhibited A375 cell proliferation by 80.8% at 24hr, when the concentration was 250 g/mL. Cell viability of 125 g/mL 3-5 kDa spirulan oligosaccharides-hydrolysates was 33.2%. Inhibition of < 3 kDa spirulan oligosaccharides-hydrolysates was lower than 3-5 kDa. There was no significant tyrosinase inhibition of 3-5 kDa and < 3 kDa spirulan oligosaccharides-hydrolysates. Spirulan oligosaccharides-hydrolysates showed antioxidatnt activity, A375 cell inhibition effect, and CCD-966SK cell proliferation effect, thus potential to develop novel health food or skin care products.
論文目次: | 目錄    i
| 表目錄        vi
| 圖目錄    vii
| 附錄目錄    ix
| 中文摘要    x
| 英文摘要    xii
| 壹、前言    1
| 貳、文獻整理    3
| 1. 海藻    3
| 1-1. 大型藻類    3
| 1-1-1. 龍鬚菜(Gracilaria sp.)    3
| 1-1-2. 青海菜(Monostroma nitidum)    3
| 1-1-3. 海帶 (Laminaria japonica)    3
| 1-1-4. 石蓴 (Ulva lactuca)    4
| 2. 螺旋藻簡介    4
| 2-1. 螺旋藻之成分    5
| 3. 螺旋藻之生理功能    5
| 3-1. 抗氧化    5
| 3-2. 免疫調節    5
| 3-3. 抗腫瘤作用    6
| 3-4. 預防心血管疾病    6
| 3-5. 抗病毒活性    6
| 4. 海藻多醣及寡醣    7
| 4-1. 海藻多醣    7
| 4-2. 海藻寡醣    8
| 4-2-1. 海藻寡醣之生理活性    9
| 4-2-1-1. 益菌性    9
| 4-2-1-2. 抗氧化與護肝作用    10
| 4-2-1-3. 抗凝血    12
| 4-2-1-4. 調節免疫活性與抗腫瘤    12
| 5. 洋菜酶生產菌株及其分離來源    13
| 6. 洋菜酶對洋菜水解的作用機制    14
| 7. 洋菜酶之生化特性    15
| 7-1. 溫度和 pH 值    15
| 7-2. 分子質量    15
| 7-3. 金屬離子    16
| 8. 海藻寡醣組成成分鑑定    17
| 8-1. 薄層層析法 (Thin-layer chromatography, TLC)    17
| 8-2. 高效能液相層析法 (High-performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)    18
| 8-3. 磁核共振光譜法 (Nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR)    19
| 8-4. 傅立葉轉換紅外光吸收光譜儀[(Fourier-Transformed Infrared, FTIR)  Spectrometer]    19
| 參、實驗設計        21
| 肆、材料方法    22
| 1. 實驗材料    22
| 1-1. 實驗菌株    22
| 1-2. 細胞株    22
| 1-3. 藥品    22
| 1-4. 材料與儀器設備    25
| 1-5. 培養基    27
| 1-5-1. MA103 and MAEF108 crude agarases    27
| 1-5-2. MA103 and MAEF108 Spirulan induced enzymes    28
| 2. 實驗方法    29
| 2-1. 螺旋藻之一般成分分析    29
| 2-1-1. 水分含量    29
| 2-1-2. 灰分含量    29
| 2-1-3. 粗蛋白含量    29
| 2-1-4. 粗脂肪含量    29
| 2-1-5. 總醣量測定    30
| 2-2. 螺旋藻之萃取方法    30
| 2-2-1.熱水萃取    30
| 2-3. 洋菜酶之生產    30
| 2-3-1. 菌株保存    30
| 2-3-2. 菌株活化    30
| 2-3-3. 洋菜酶粗酵素液之生產    31
| 2-3-4. 洋菜酶反應基質    31
| 2-3-5.  DNS溶液    31
| 2-3-6. 洋菜酶活性測定    31
| 2-3-7. 洋菜酶活性單位定義    32
| 2-4. 菌株活化與誘導    32
| 2-4-2. 螺旋藻誘導酵素之最佳誘導條件    32
| 2-4-2-1. 誘導時間與溫度    32
| 2-4-2-2. 誘導物濃度探討    33
| 2-4-2-3. 反應基質    33
| 2-4-6. 螺旋藻誘導酵素活性測定    33
| 2-4-7. 螺旋藻誘導酵素活性單位定義    33
| 2-5. 螺旋藻寡醣水解液之製備及分析    34
| 2-5-1. 螺旋藻寡醣區分液之製備    34
| 2-5-3. 總醣量之測定    34
| 2-5-4. 還原醣量之測定    34
| 2-5-5. 硫酸基含量之測定    35
| 2-5-6.    HPLC分析    35
| 2-5-7.    FTIR分析    36
| 2-6. 螺旋藻寡醣水解液之抗氧化活性    36
| 2-6-1. 總酚類含量之測定    36
| 2-6-2. 清除DPPH自由基能力之測定    36
| 2-6-3. 亞鐵離子螯鐵能力之測定    37
| 2-7. 螺旋藻寡醣水解液之抗凝血活性    37
| 2-7-1. 活化部份凝血活酶時間 (Activited partial thromboplastin time, APTT)    37
| 2-7-2. 凝血酶原時間 (Prothrombin time, PT)    37
| 2-8. 細胞實驗評估抗老化功效    38
| 2-8-1. 細胞培養    38
| 2-8-2. 細胞繼代培養    38
| 2-8-3. 細胞存活率 (MTT assay)    38
| 2-8-4. 對老鼠胚胎纖維母細胞NIH 3T3增生作用    39
| 2-8-5. 對人類皮膚纖維母細胞CCD-966SK增生作用    39
| 2-9. 美白試驗    39
| 2-9-1. 抑制酪胺酸酶活性測定    39
| 2-9-2. 對人類黑色素腫瘤細胞A375存活率之影響    40
| 3. 統計分析    40
| 伍、結果與討論…………………………………………………………….41
| 一、一般成分分析    41
| 二、螺旋藻萃取收率    41
| 三、螺旋藻多醣水解效果探討    41
| 3-1. 市售酵素水解螺旋藻多醣    41
| 3-2.    MA103及MAEF108 crude agarases水解螺旋藻多醣    42
| 3-3. 螺旋藻酵素水解區分液    43
| 3-4. 螺旋藻誘導酵素條件探討    43
| 四、螺旋藻寡醣區分液成分分析    44
| 4-1. HPLC分析    44
| 4-2. FTIR分析    44
| 五、生理活性探討    45
| 5-1. 抗氧化    45
| 5-2. 抗凝血    46
| 5-3. 評估抗老化功效    47
| 5-3-1. 老鼠胚胎纖維母細胞NIH 3T3增生作用    47
| 5-3-2. 人類皮膚纖維母細胞CCD -966SK增生作用    47
| 5-4. 美白試驗    48
| 5-4-1. 抑制酪胺酸酶活性測定    48
| 5-4-2. 人類黑色素腫瘤細胞A375存活率之影響    48
| 陸、結論    50
| 柒、參考文獻    52
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| 表目錄
| 表1、    一般成分分析    62
| 表2、    螺旋藻多醣萃取收率    63
| 表3、    5% (w/v) 螺旋藻熱萃多醣液經 5 unit/mL工業用Cellulase、Alginate lysase、Xylanase、Cellulase、-Glucuronidase或-Galactosidase於其最適條件下水解24 hr之總醣量及硫酸基含量    64
| 表4、    5% (w/v) 螺旋藻熱萃多醣液經 5 unit/dL 不同組合之MA103-crude agarases及MAEF108-crude agarases於其最適條件下水解24 hr 之總醣量及硫酸基含量    65
| 表5、    螺旋藻多醣酵素水解1區分液< 3 kDa、3-5 kDa及> 5 kDa之還原醣量及及總醣量變化    66
| 表6、    MA103-螺旋藻多醣誘導酵素生產條件探討    67
| 表7、    MA108-螺旋藻多醣誘導酵素生產條件探討    68
| 表8、    5 % (w/v) 螺旋藻冷水萃取液萃取 12 hr 下之DPPH自由基之清除能力對亞鐵離子螯合能力及總酚含量之變化    69
| 表9、    5% (w/v) 螺旋藻熱萃多醣液經 5 unit/dL不同組合之MA103-crude agarases及MAEF108-crude agarases於其最適條件下水解24 hr之DPPH自由基清除能力及亞鐵螯合離子能力    70
| 表10、        螺旋藻酵素水解區分液 < 3 kDa、3-5 kDa 及> 5 kDa 之DPPH自由基清除能力及亞鐵螯合離子能力    71
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| 圖目錄
| 圖1、        5% (w/v) 螺旋藻熱萃多醣液經 5 unit/mL工業用Cellulase、Alginate lysase、Xylanase、Cellulase、-Glucuronidase或-Galactosidase於其最適條件下水解24 hr 後之還原醣含量變化    72
| 圖2、        5% (w/v) 螺旋藻熱萃多醣液經 5 unit/dL不同組合之MA103-crude agarases及MAEF108-crude agarases於其最適條件下水解24 hr 後之還原醣含量變化    73
| 圖3、        3-5 kDa螺旋藻多醣區分液之高效能液相層析圖    74
| 圖4、        < 3 kDa螺旋藻多醣區分液之高效能液相層析圖    75
| 圖5、        3-5 kDa螺旋藻寡醣之傅立葉紅外線光譜圖    76
| 圖6、        < 3 kDa螺旋藻寡醣之傅立葉紅外線光譜圖    77
| 圖7、        5% (w/v) 螺旋藻熱萃多醣液以MAEF108-crude agarases、與MA103-crude agarases水解24小時之兔血漿活化部分凝血酶原時間    78
| 圖8、        5% (w/v) 螺旋藻熱萃多醣液以MAEF108-crude agarases、與MA103-crudeag agrases水解24小時後之兔血漿凝血酶原時間    79
| 圖9、        < 3 kDa、3-5 kDa、及> 5 kDa螺旋藻酵素水解區分液之兔血漿活化部分凝血酶原時間    80
| 圖10、    < 3 kDa、3-5 kDa、及> 5 kDa螺旋藻酵素水解區分液之兔血漿凝血酶原時間    81
| 圖11、    3-5 kDa螺旋藻酵素水解區分液之人血漿活化部分凝血酶原時間    82
| 圖12、    3-5 kDa螺旋藻酵素水解區分液之人血漿凝血酶原時間    83
| 圖13、    < 3 kDa螺旋藻酵素水解區分液之人血漿活化部分凝血酶原時間    84
| 圖14、    < 3 kDa螺旋藻酵素水解區分液之人血漿凝血酶原時間    85
| 圖15、    以不同濃度之 3-5 kDa 及< 3 kDa 分子質量螺旋藻寡醣混合物培養24小時對老鼠胚胎纖維母細胞 NIH 3T3成長的影響    86
| 圖16、    以不同濃度之3-5 kDa及< 3 kDa分子質量螺旋藻寡醣培養48小時對老鼠胚胎纖維母細胞NIH 3T3成長的影響    87
| 圖17、    以不同濃度之3-5 kDa及< 3 kDa分子質量螺旋藻寡醣培養72小時對老鼠胚胎纖維母細胞 NIH 3T3 成長的影響    88
| 圖18、    以不同濃度之3-5 kDa及< 3 kDa分子質量螺旋藻寡醣培養24小時對人類纖維母細胞 CCD 成長的影響    89
| 圖19、    以不同濃度之 3-5 kDa及 < 3 kDa分子質量螺旋藻寡醣培養48小時對人類纖維母細胞 CCD 成長的影響    90
| 圖20、    以不同濃度之3-5 kDa及< 3 kDa之螺旋藻寡醣或Vitamin C對酪胺酸酶活性抑制效果    91
| 圖21、    以不同濃度之 3-5 kDa及< 3kDa之分子質量螺旋藻寡醣培養48小時，對人類皮膚黑色素瘤細胞 A375 成長的影響    92
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| 附錄目錄
| 附錄1、    Agarases 的生產微生物、種類及分離來源    93
| 附錄2、    洋菜酶的生化特性    95
| 附錄3、    微生物所產洋菜酶分解洋菜之產物    97
| 附錄4、    Agarose 的基本構造及洋菜酶作用位置    99
| 附錄5、        Alginate lysase、Cellulase、-Galactosidase、-Glucuronidase、MA103-crude agarases、MAEF108-crude agarases、工業用Cellulase及Xylanase之最適溫度與pH    100
| 附錄6、    血液凝固試驗流程圖    101
| 附錄7、    標準品 (a) Arabinose 與 Maltose、(b) Galactose、(c) Rhamnose 與 Lactose、及 (d) Xylose 與 Sucrose之高效能液相層析圖    102
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2010 年 3 月 8 日 22:47